![]() It exists as cis- (Z) and trans- (E) isomers, and both have been detected in wine at variable concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 7 mg/L and from 0.7 to 6.5 mg/L, respectively. Resveratrol has two phenol rings linked to each other by a styrene double bond in its chemical structure. ![]() It is present in more than 70 plant species, including berries, peanuts, cocoa, and grape skin. Resveratrol (3, 4, 5 trihydroxystilbene), a non-flavonoid polyphenolic compound, is a common phytoalexin synthesized in response to the attack of bacteria and fungi. All studies regarding the relationship between red wine consumption and CHD published over the last decade have been taken into consideration. In addition, we discuss the putative mechanisms and the chemical factors that influence the activity of the bioactive components of red wine. The main objective of this review is to summarize the various red wine components and their cardioprotective potential. Light–moderate drinking of red wine has been proposed as a possible explanation for the epidemiological phenomenon known as the “French Paradox”, which indicates that the French population shows relatively lower CHD incidence/mortality rate compared with other Western populations, despite their diets contain higher amounts of total fat and saturated fatty acids. In addition to alcohol, red wine contains a wide range of active compounds-polyphenols-with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that could contribute to protection from atherosclerotic pathologies. It is uncertain whether the apparent beneficial properties for health attributed to the consumption of red wine are due solely to the presence of alcohol or also to the concerted action of alcohol and antioxidant compounds other than alcohol present in red wine. Such epidemiological studies have supported that red wine consumption is more CHD-preventative in comparison to the intake of other alcoholic beverages. Several studies provide evidence that light–moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), a lower incidence of type-2 diabetes (T2D), and a reduction of lipid oxidative stress. Moderate alcohol consumption is defined in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 as up to one unit of alcohol per day for women and up to two units of alcohol per day for men. Īlthough excessive alcohol intake is associated with the development of chronic diseases and other serious problems, a wealth of data from scientific evidence support an inverse relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of CHD. Smoking, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, overweight/obesity, lack of physical activity, and genetic factors are known to play a role in determining cardiovascular risk. Most CHDs are due to atherosclerosis, a degenerative process of the arteries which is triggered by oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory status. Furthermore, the chemistry of wine as well as chemical factors that influence the composition of the bioactive components of red wine are also discussed.Ĭoronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke are the leading causes of mortality, disability, and death in developed countries. ![]() The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulated evidence correlating moderate red wine consumption with prevention of CHD by focusing on the different mechanisms underlying this relationship. The mechanisms responsible for its putative cardioprotective effects would include changes in lipid profiles, reduction of insulin resistance, and decrease in oxidative stress of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Resveratrol is considered the most effective wine compound with respect to the prevention of CHD because of its antioxidant properties. Experimental studies and meta-analyses have mainly attributed this outcome to the presence in red wine of a great variety of polyphenolic compounds such as resveratrol, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and anthocyanin. Benefits from moderate alcohol consumption have been widely supported by the scientific literature and, in this line, red wine intake has been related to a lesser risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Wine is a popular alcoholic beverage that has been consumed for hundreds of years. ![]()
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